Ülkemiz din eğitiminde insana bakış, teolojisini İslam’a, felsefesini ilerlemeci-hümanist çizgide olan modern eğitim anlayışına dayandıran yaklaşımlara göre şekillenmektedir. Dolayısıyla din eğitiminde insanın ontolojisinin teorik arka planını, İslam düşüncesi ile ilerlemeci-hümanist geleneğin insan tasavvuru oluşturmaktadır. İslam düşüncesinin temelinde varlık âleminin merkezine cüz’i iradesi oranında özgür ve sorumlu bir insan tasavvurunun yerleştirildiği görülmektedir. İlerlemeci-hümanist paradigma ekseninde yürütülen modern eğitim sisteminde ise insana bakış, onun ilgi, ihtiyaç ve deneyimlerini merkeze alarak, bireyin kendini tanımasını ve kendini gerçekleştirmesini temel amaç olarak görmek şeklindedir. Bu durumda (...) din eğitiminin insana bakışının eklektik bir ontolojiye dayandığı söylenebilir. İslam düşüncesinin ve günümüzün modern eğitim anlayışının insanı anlamaya, tanımaya ve eğitimi insanileştirmeye yönelik çabaları büyük bir bilgi birikimi olarak görülse de insanın kendi varlığına yönelik farkındalığı her iki yaklaşımın da eksik yönleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu durumda din eğitiminde insanın varoluşuna yönelik farkındalığın nasıl sağlanacağı, temel kaynaklarının, referanslarının ve insana bakışın hangi zemin üzerinden inşa edileceği sorusu, din eğitiminin ontolojisi için temel bir problemdir. Araştırmanın amacı, din eğitiminde insanın ontolojisine bakışı, İslam düşüncesinin ve modern eğitim anlayışının eksik yönlerinden yola çıkarak ele almak ve bunu varoluşçuluğun temellerini atan Kierkegaard’ın somut insan anlayışına ulaştıran varoluş süreçleri temelinde şekillendirmeye çalışmaktır. Çalışmada kişinin birey olarak varoluşunun farkına varmasında din eğitiminin nasıl bir ışık tutacağının cevabı da aranmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda din eğitiminde insanın ontolojisini yatay ve bireysel düzeyde değil, dikey ve metafizik olanla ilişkili bir zemin üzerinden oluşturmak gerektiği görülmüştür. Din eğitiminde bunu gerçekleştirmek, bireyin aklını ve kalbini tatmin etmek, öğretilenlerin yaşamda bir karşılığının olmasını sağlamak, öznel ve içsel dindarlık anlayışını oluşturmakla mümkün olacaktır. (shrink)

Defeasibility theories aim to reach a plausible definition of knowledge by finding strategies to exclude true beliefs based on faulty justifications. Different philosophers have advanced with their own understandings of undefeated justification. Zagzebski indicates that the strong defeasibility condition violates independence between truth and justification because undefeated justification never leads to false beliefs. Following this, Zagzebski and some other philosophers who pursue a similar line of reasoning conclude that undefeated justification entails truth. In this paper, I argue that the truth (...) condition is not superfluous by presenting an example of undefeated justification that does not entail truth. My claim is that beliefs about metaphysical questions can have undefeated justifications. Nonetheless, such undefeated justifications are not capable of assigning truth to the beliefs that they support. Sarsılabilirlik kuramları makul bir bilgi tanımına ulaşabilmek için hatalı gerekçelendirmelere dayalı doğru inançları eleme stratejisini güder. Farklı felsefeciler kendilerine özgü sarsılabilirlik anlayışları geliştirmiştir. Sarsılmaz gerekçelendirmeler hiçbir zaman yanlış inançların dayanağı olmadığından Zagzebski katı sarsılabilirlik şartının inancın doğruluğu ile gerekçelendirilmesi arasındaki bağımsızlığı ortadan kaldırdığını ifade eder. Bunu takiben, Zagzebski ve yine benzer görüşleri savunan bazı felsefeciler sarsılmaz gerekçelendirmenin zorunlu olarak doğruluğu beraberinde getirdiği sonucuna varır. Bu makalede, sarsılmaz gerekçelendirmelerin her zaman doğru inanca ulaşmaması durumuna örnek göstererek, doğruluk koşulunun lüzumsuz olmadığını iddia ediyorum. İddiama göre metafizik sorulara ilişkin inançlar sarsılmaz gerekçelendirmelere sahip olabilirler. Buna rağmen söz konusu gerekçelendirmeler destekledikleri inançlara doğruluk atfedemez. (shrink)

Kültürleri ve inanışları farklı insanların etkileşimi üzerinde gelişen turizm, özellikle ekonomik getirileri nedeniyle pek çok yerel ve ulusal yönetici tarafından öncelikli sektörler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, turizm gelişimi ekonomik unsurların ötesinde çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok etki de oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu etkilerin yerel halk tarafından algılanışında etkin olan pek çok unsur incelenmiş olmakla birlikte dindarlığın etkisi çok az araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, toplumsal ve bireysel düşünce ve davranışlar üzerinde önemli bir etken olan dindarlık hususunun turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında etkin olup olmadığının incelendiği (...) bu çalışma, alanyazına katkı sunabilecek boyuttadır. Çalışma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği benimsenmiş olup veri, Muğla Menteşe ilçesinde ikamet eden 528 bireyden elde edilmiştir. Çok değişkenli istatistik analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ile yol analizi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, dindarlık algısı arttıkça olumsuz sosyo-kültürel etkilerin daha kuvvetli algılandığını ancak dindarlık ile olumlu sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı arasında bağlantı bulunmadığını vurgulamaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, turizm planlaması ve gelişimini sürecinde yerel halkın inançlarının da göz önünde bulundurulmasının gerekliliğini işaret etmektedir. Özet: İnsanların aynı değerler etrafında toplanmalarını ve grup halinde hareket etmelerini sağlayan inanç sistemi veya toplumda birlikte yaşayan bireylerin ilişki ve sorumluluklarını belirlemek için düzenlenmiş inanç, uygulama, ritüel ve semboller sistemi olarak tanımlanabilecek olan din, en yaygın ve etkili sosyal kurumlardan olmasının ötesinde hem birey hem de toplumların tutumlarını, değerlerini ve davranışlarını etkilemesi nedeniyle, özellikle son yıllarda, sıklıkla incelenmektedir. Bireylerin dini bir gruba veya kurallara bağlılık dereceleri olarak tanımlanabilecek dindarlık ise dinsel öğelerin bir kişinin yaşamı üzerindeki etkinliğini ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Tıp, antropoloji, psikoloji, sosyoloji gibi bilim dallarında yapılan çalışmalarda dindarlık ile mutluluk ve bedensel / ruhsal sağlık arasında genellikle olumlu bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Turizm alanında yapılan çalışmalarda ise, din, yoğunlukla inanç turizmi veya turistlerin tercihleri üzerindeki etkisi kapsamında ele alınmış ve dini turizmin planlanması ve kutsal alanların yönetimi, turizmin dini bölgelerdeki etkileri, hacıların seyahat motivasyonu ve seyahat şekilleri ile turistlerin dini ihtiyaçları gibi konulara odaklanılmıştır. Kültürleri ve inanışları farklı insanların etkileşimi üzerinde gelişen turizm, özellikle ekonomik getirileri nedeniyle pek çok yerel ve ulusal yönetici tarafından öncelikli sektörler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Turizm gelişimi ekonomik unsurların ötesinde çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok etki de oluşturmaktadır. Yerel halk, turizmin gelişmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği açısından önem arz etmekte olup yerel halkın turizmin etkilerine yönelik algıları sıklıkla araştırılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Topluma ve/veya mekâna aidiyet duygusu, destinasyonun ve/veya turizm sektörünün gelişim düzeyi, turizmin ekonomi içindeki önemi, destinasyonun turizme ekonomik bağımlılığı, turizm sektöründe istihdam edilmek gibi ekonomik unsurlar veya sosyo-demografik özellikler gibi pek çok değişkenin yerel halkın turizm algısındaki etkileri incelenmiş olmakla birlikte dindarlığın etkisi çok az araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda, özellikle dini bölgelerde yaşayan yerel halk ve çoğunlukla din adamlarının algıları araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, yerel halkın bölgeye dini amaçlarla gelen ziyaretçiler (hacılar) ile turistleri ayırdığını ve hacıların turistlere oranla daha fazla kabul gördüğünü vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, turistlerin alanın ve yapıların kutsallığını, güvenliğini, dekorunu tehdit ettiği ve turistlerin taleplerinin dini uygulamalara zarar verdiği algısının yaygın olduğu, hatta turizmin kendi kültürleri ve dinleri için tehdit olarak görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Kutsal alanlar dışında kalan turizm destinasyonlarında ikamet eden yerel halkın görüşlerinin araştırıldığı çalışma ise çok daha azdır. Alanyazın taraması ile bu kapsamda sadece bir çalışma bulunulabilmiştir. İran’daki iki turizm destinasyonunda yerel halkın turizmin sosyo-kültürel sonuçlarına yönelik algılarında dindarlığın etkisinin incelendiği çalışma ile sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı ile dindarlık arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda, dindarlık hususunun turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında etkin olup olmadığının incelendiği bu çalışma, alanyazına katkı sunabilecek boyuttadır. Çalışma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği benimsenmiştir. Ekonomik kaygıların katılımcıların görüşlerini etkilemesinin önüne geçilmesi amacıyla, Bodrum, Fethiye ve Marmaris gibi Türkiye’nin önemli turizm destinasyonlarına coğrafi olarak uzak olmamakla birlikte turizm gelişiminin sınırlı olduğu için tercih edilen Menteşe (Muğla) ilçesinde ikamet eden 528 bireyden elde edilen veriler iki aşamada analiz edilmiştir. İlk aşamada, kullanılan soru formu değişik çalışmalardan yararlanarak oluşturulduğu için ölçeklerin güvenirliğini test etmek üzere Güvenirlik Analizi ve yapısal geçerliliğini sınamak üzere Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) uygulanmıştır. Cronbach Alpha (α) değeri, sosyo-kültürel etkilere yönelik 22 ifade bütününde 0,907; her bir faktöre yönelik sırasıyla 0,941; 0,813 ve 0,772; Dindarlık ölçeğine yönelik ise 0,728 olarak hesaplanmış olup araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin güvenilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sosyo-kültürel etkilere yönelik ifadelerin varyansın %64,413’ini açıklayacak şekilde 3 faktörlü bir yapı altında birleştiği, üç ifadeden oluşan dindarlık ölçeğinin ise tek faktöre yüklendiği ve varyansın %64,845’ini açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla analiz için kullanılan yapının iyi derecede geçerli olduğu anlaşılmıştır. İkinci aşamada, AFA ile belirlenen faktörlerin çalışma kapsamında oluşturulan modele uygunluğunu test edebilmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ve ölçüm modeli ile gizli değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek ve kavramsal model ile verilerin uyup uymadığını değerlendirmek için Yapısal Eşitlik Model gerçekleştirilmiştir. DFA analizi sonucunda, bütün faktör yüklerinin 0,4’ün üzerinde olduğu ve uyum indekslerinin (x 2 /df, RMSEA, CFI, NFI ve GFI) hem DFA hem de yapısal eşitlik modelinde eşik değerleri aştığı görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla, faktör yapılarının ve çalışmada sınanan modelin uygun olduğu ve sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanması ile dindarlık arasında ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları dindarlık ile turizmin olumsuz sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışı arasında bir ilişki bulunduğunu ancak turizmin olumlu kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında dindarlığın bir etkisinin bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Dindarlık ile muhafazakârlık arasında kuvvetli bir ilişki bulunduğu göz önüne alındığında öngörülebilecek bir sonuç olduğu belirtilebilir. Ancak, Zamani-Farahani – Musa (2012) çalışmasında dindarlık ile sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı arasında olumlu etki bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmış olmasının destinasyonları ziyaret eden turistlerin profillerindeki ve sayılarındaki farklılıktan kaynaklandığı öngörülmektedir. İlk çalışmada ziyaretçilerin çoğu aynı din ve kültüre mensup kişilerden oluşuyorken, çalışma alanında turistlerin yarısına yakın kısmını farklı din ve kültüre sahip olanlar oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları doğrultusunda turizm planlama ve uygulama süreçlerinde, yerel halkın dini inanışlarının, dikkate alınması ve dini inanışlara uygun adımların atılmasının veya yapılacak uygulamaların dini inanışlarına aykırı olmadığının anlatılmasının gerekli olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, turizmin yerel dini inanışlara aykırı sonuçlar doğurmayacak (ya da bu tür sonuçları en aza indirgeyecek) şekilde gelişimine yönelik kararlar alınması gerekmektedir. Kitle turizminin (özellikle deniz–kum–güneş) geliştiği popüler destinasyonlara yakın olmakla birlikte ekonomik olarak turizm ile yoğun bir bağlantının bulunmadığı bir alanda gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın sonuçları kesitseldir. Diğer bir ifadeyle sonuçlar çalışma alanı ve hatta katılımcılar ile sınırlıdır. Gelecek çalışmalarda farklı turizm türü ve turist profiline sahip yerleşimlere odaklanabilir. Ayrıca, sonuçların ekonomik olarak turizme bağımlı destinasyonlarda da sınanması gereklidir. (shrink)

Kimi zaman akademik hayatımızı doğrudan etkileyen kararların kimler tarafından nerede ve nasıl alındığını bilemeyebiliriz. Kimi zaman da bilsek bile bu akademik toplumun şeffaf olduğu anlamına gelmeyebilir. Doktora sonrası yurda dönmeden önce, tezimi okuyan hocalarımdan “Orada seni anlayan birilerini bulabilecek misin?” gibi bir soru gelmişti. Sorunun doğru yanıtının ne olduğundan emin değildim; hala da değilim.

Eser, yazarın 2008 yılında tamamlamış olduğu “Kur’an’ın Tasdik Ettiği Tevrat’taki Konular” isimli doktora tezinin 2011 yılında “Tevrat’ın Kur’an’a Arzı-Kur’an’ın Tevrat’ta Tasdik Ettiği Konular” ismiyle basılmasıyla yayın hayatına kazandırılmıştır. Kur’an ve Tevrat’taki konular bu çalışmanın öncesinde ve sonrasında genellikle mukayeseli bir biçimde çalışılmıştır. Gerek Kur’an ve Tefsir alanında gerekse Dinler Tarihi alanında kıssalar, tarihi olaylar, hükümler, uygulamalar gibi pek çok açıdan Kur’an ve Tevrat’a dair özellikle mukayese içeren tezler ve eserler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın alandaki diğer eserlerden farkı Kur’an’ın Tevrat’ı tasdik edici (...) olmasının ne mânaya geldiğini izah etmesi ve Tevrat’ta yer alan hangi konuları doğrulayıcı olduğunu derli toplu bir şekilde ortaya koymasıdır. (shrink)

Since the 1970s, the concepts of “lifeworld” and “everyday life” have been part of the discourse of social pedagogy and social and educational work in general. Xavier Úcar's objective in this article is to generate and communicate socio-pedagogical knowledge that helps social pedagogues to build socio-educational relationships that are more effective, more sustainable, more satisfactory, and ultimately richer in terms of both experiences and learning for participants. A conceptually oriented, nonsystematic analysis procedure was used to conduct this research. The procedure (...) involved an in-depth investigation of documents that focus on the two target areas of this study: (1) social pedagogy, and (2) lifeworld and everyday life. The results describe the theoretical background of lifeworld and everyday life, discuss the development of the perspective of “lifeworld orientation” within the framework of social pedagogy in Germany, and analyze how everyday life is understood through actions undertaken by social pedagogues. These results provide ideas for mapping the essential dimensions of everyday life from the perspective of social pedagogy. (shrink)

En este trabaj o se propone establ ecerun pue n t e e n t r e e l e s t r uc t ur a l i s mofrancés desarrollado en Francia en losaños de 1960 y de 1970 en las cienciashumanas y sociales, y el estructuralismome t a t e ór i c o i na ugur a do por J os e phD. Sneed en 1971 como una extensiónde l pr ogr a ma de Bour ba (...) ki . Pa r a t a lefecto, se tomará como ‘puente’ el trabajoalgebraico realizado por el matemáticobourbaki ano André Wei l de l a t eorí ade Claude Lévi-Strauss sobre las estructuras elementalesdel parentesco. Interesa mostrar que Weilno sólo pretende mostrar que los modelosalgebraicos de permutación son un casode estructura elemental en el sentido deLévi-Strauss, sino que, gracias a dichaformalización, se provee al estructuralismofrancés de una noción matemática, nolingüística, de la noción de ‘estructura’en l a que se preci san al gunas de suspropiedades intuitivamente señaladaspor Lévi-Strauss. Si bien discutiremos-más allá de las pretensiones de Weil- silos sistemas de parentesco elementalesresultan adecuadamente representadospor l os model os de permut aci ón queintroduce Weil, i.e., si son modelos en elsentido estructuralista del término.In this paper, I intend to link the structuralismdeveloped in France between 1960and 1970 for the social and human scienceswith the metatheoric structuralism developedbyJosephD.Sneedin1971asanextensionofBourbaki’sprogram.Tothisend,Iwill consider as a ‘bridge’ the algebraicwork about Claude Lévi-Strauss’ theoryon the elementary structures of kinshipcompleted by the Bourbakian mathematicianAndré Weil. I intend to show thatWeil not only wants to demonstrate thatthe algebraic models of permutation are acase of elemental structure in the sense ofLévi-Strauss, but also, that thanks to thatformalization, French structuralism obtainsamathematicalnotionof“structure”inwhichsomeof its properties, intuitively identified byLévi-Strauss, are pined down. Furthermore,Iwilldiscuss–beyond the intentionsof Weil- whether elementary systems ofkinship are adequately represented bythe elementary models of permutationthat Weil introduces, i.e., whether they aremodels in the structuralist sense. (shrink)

This thirteenth volume of Collected Papers is an eclectic tome of 88 papers in various fields of sciences, such as astronomy, biology, calculus, economics, education and administration, game theory, geometry, graph theory, information fusion, decision making, instantaneous physics, quantum physics, neutrosophic logic and set, non-Euclidean geometry, number theory, paradoxes, philosophy of science, scientific research methods, statistics, and others, structured in 17 chapters (Neutrosophic Theory and Applications; Neutrosophic Algebra; Fuzzy Soft Sets; Neutrosophic Sets; Hypersoft Sets; Neutrosophic Semigroups; Neutrosophic Graphs; Superhypergraphs; Plithogeny; (...) Information Fusion; Statistics; Decision Making; Extenics; Instantaneous Physics; Paradoxism; Mathematica; Miscellanea), comprising 965 pages, published between 2005-2022 in different scientific journals, by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 110 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 26 countries: Abduallah Gamal, Sania Afzal, Firoz Ahmad, Muhammad Akram, Sheriful Alam, Ali Hamza, Ali H. M. Al-Obaidi, Madeleine Al-Tahan, Assia Bakali, Atiqe Ur Rahman, Sukanto Bhattacharya, Bilal Hadjadji, Robert N. Boyd, Willem K.M. Brauers, Umit Cali, Youcef Chibani, Victor Christianto, Chunxin Bo, Shyamal Dalapati, Mario Dalcín, Arup Kumar Das, Elham Davneshvar, Bijan Davvaz, Irfan Deli, Muhammet Deveci, Mamouni Dhar, R. Dhavaseelan, Balasubramanian Elavarasan, Sara Farooq, Haipeng Wang, Ugur Halden, Le Hoang Son, Hongnian Yu, Qays Hatem Imran, Mayas Ismail, Saeid Jafari, Jun Ye, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Darjan Karabašević, Abdullah Kargın, Vasilios N. Katsikis, Nour Eldeen M. Khalifa, Madad Khan, M. Khoshnevisan, Tapan Kumar Roy, Pinaki Majumdar, Sreepurna Malakar, Masoud Ghods, Minghao Hu, Mingming Chen, Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Mohamed Talea, Mohammad Hamidi, Mohamed Loey, Mihnea Alexandru Moisescu, Muhammad Ihsan, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Shabir, Mumtaz Ali, Muzzamal Sitara, Nassim Abbas, Munazza Naz, Giorgio Nordo, Mani Parimala, Ion Pătrașcu, Gabrijela Popović, K. Porselvi, Surapati Pramanik, D. Preethi, Qiang Guo, Riad K. Al-Hamido, Zahra Rostami, Said Broumi, Saima Anis, Muzafer Saračević, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Selvaraj Ganesan, Shammya Shananda Saha, Marayanagaraj Shanmugapriya, Songtao Shao, Sori Tjandrah Simbolon, Florentin Smarandache, Predrag S. Stanimirović, Dragiša Stanujkić, Raman Sundareswaran, Mehmet Șahin, Ovidiu-Ilie Șandru, Abdulkadir Șengür, Mohamed Talea, Ferhat Taș, Selçuk Topal, Alptekin Ulutaș, Ramalingam Udhayakumar, Yunita Umniyati, J. Vimala, Luige Vlădăreanu, Ştefan Vlăduţescu, Yaman Akbulut, Yanhui Guo, Yong Deng, You He, Young Bae Jun, Wangtao Yuan, Rong Xia, Xiaohong Zhang, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Zayen Azzouz Omar, Xiaohong Zhang, Zhirou Ma.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬. (shrink)

What is the point of ideology critique? Prominent Anglo-American philosophers recently proposed novel arguments for the view that ideology critique is moral critique, and ideologies are flawed insofar as they contribute to injustice or oppression. We criticize that view and make the case for an alternative and more empirically-oriented approach, grounded in epistemic rather than moral commitments. We make two related claims: (i) ideology critique can debunk beliefs and practices by uncovering how, empirically, they are produced by self-justifying power, and (...) (ii) the self-justification of power should be understood as an epistemic rather than moral flaw. Drawing on the recent realist revival in political theory, we argue that this genealogical approach has more radical potential, despite being more parsimonious than morality-based approaches. We demonstrate the relative advantages of our view by discussing the results of empirical studies on the contemporary phenomenon of neopatriarchy in the Middle East and North Africa. (shrink)

This paper argues that social media companies’ power to regulate communication in the public sphere illustrates a novel type of domination. The idea is that, since social media companies can partially dictate the terms of citizens’ political participation in the public sphere, they can arbitrarily interfere with the choices individuals make qua citizens. I contend that social media companies dominate citizens in two different ways. First, I focus on the cases in which social media companies exercise direct control over political (...) speech. They exercise quasi-public power over citizens because their regulation of speech on social media platforms implies the capacity to arbitrarily interfere with citizens’ democratic contestation in the political system. Second, companies’ algorithmic governance entails the capacity to interfere with citizens’ choices about what mode of discursive engagement they endorse in their relationships with fellow citizens. By raising the cost of deliberative engagement, companies narrow citizens’ choice menu. (shrink)

This article argues that Bernard Williams’ Critical Theory Principle (CTP) is in tension with his realist commitments, i.e., deriving political norms from practices that are inherent to political life. The Williamsian theory of legitimate state power is based on the central importance of the distinction between political rule and domination. Further, Williams supplements the normative force of his theory with the CTP, i.e., the principle that acceptance of a justification regarding power relations ought not to be created by the very (...) same coercive power. I contend that the CTP is an epistemic criterion of reflective (un)acceptability which is not strictly connected to the question of whether people are dominated or not. I show that there are cases of non-domination that fail the epistemic requirements of the CTP. (shrink)

This paper argues that instituting Citizen Boards of Governance (CBGs) is the optimal strategy to democratically contain Big Tech’s algorithmic powers in the digital public sphere. CBGs are bodies of randomly selected citizens that are authorized to govern the algorithmic infrastructure of Big Tech platforms. The main advantage of CBGs is to tackle the concentrated powers of private tech corporations without giving too much power to governments. I show why this is a better approach than ordinary state regulation or relying (...) on market mechanisms. My proposal follows from the critique of Big Tech’s concentrated powers, and explains how this justifies democratizing algorithms in the digital public sphere. My approach thus speaks to a core commitment in democratic theory: enhancing the autonomy of the public sphere from the centers of powers in modern societies, be it corporations or governments. (shrink)

In contemporary democracies, global capitalism exerts a significant influence over how state power is exercised, raising questions about where political power resides in global politics. This question is important, since our specific considerations about justifiability of political power, i.e. political legitimacy, depend on how we characterize political power at the global level. As a partial answer to this question, I argue that our notion of global political legitimacy should be reoriented to include the structural power of the Transnational Capitalist Class (...) as its subject matter. Structural power is a social relation in which the institutional context makes some agents comply with others’ preferences regardless of actors’ intentional efforts to bring about such outcomes. Even when global business elites do not intentionally exercise power to obtain political control of global governance, their structural power has recognizable effects that partly enforce the world order. To advance my claim, I utilize the radical realists’ argument that the notion of legitimacy is applicable to a broader range of social practices that are beyond dyadic power relations, i.e. rulers intentionally exercising power over subjects. (shrink)

This paper argues that the critique of depoliticization in Mouffe’s agonistic political theory needs to be revised. This is because her account of the political does not succeed in filtering out undesirable forms of politicization such as science denialism and other types of post-truth politics. Mouffe's conception of the common symbolic space does not accomplish the task of limiting extreme pluralism in the absence of certain standards about how to correctly apply the fundamental notions of this space. By drawing on (...) a quasi-Wittgensteinian reading of linguistic normativity, I develop principled but non-universalist limits on politicization that are needed for a healthy, well-functioning democracy. (shrink)

It is expected that the determining role of values, which are accepted as the main reference point in guiding their behaviors, in real life will also be effective on social media posts. However, with the increase and diversification of the opportunities offered by social media to its users, the perception of privacy, which is one of the important values in society, is subject to change and privacy is disclosed based on personal consent. Although there are studies in the literature on (...) the negative effects of increasing social media use on the perception of privacy, there is no study that examines the issue from the perspective of Religious Culture and Ethics Knowledge (RCEK) teachers within the framework of values education. In this study, whether and in what direction the determining role of values in life has changed with the widespread use of social media is examined based on the views of RCEK teachers in the example of privacy value. The aim of the study is to examine the views of RCEK teachers on privacy and the transformation of privacy in the context of social media posts. In this direction; it is aimed to determine the privacy perceptions of RCEK teachers in terms of the definition of privacy, situations that are considered private, social media posts that violate privacy and the criteria that should be in these posts, and to examine their views on what kind of education can be given to students about social media and privacy. The research was designed according to the phenomenology design in qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of 19 RCEK teachers working in various provinces. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by dividing them into themes, categories and codes by content analysis method. As a result of the research, it was concluded that privacy is violated through social media posts, and the perception of privacy has changed depending on many factors related to social media. It was revealed that today's sharing culture negatively affects the perception of privacy. It is thought that the results of the research have important implications for researchers, teachers, parents and authorities.In this study, whether and in what direction the determining role of values in life has changed with the widespread use of social media is examined based on the views of Religious Culture and Ethics Knowledce teachers in the example of privacy value. The aim of the study is to examine the views of Religious Culture and Ethics Knowledge teachers on privacy and its transformation in the context of social media posts. Based on this purpose; it is aimed to determine the privacy perceptions of RCEK teachers in terms of the definition of privacy, situations that are considered private, social media posts that violate privacy and the criteria that should be in these posts, and to examine and reveal their views on how students can be educated about social media and privacy. The research was designed according to the phenomenology design in qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of 19 RCEK teachers working in various provinces. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis method by dividing into themes, categories and codes. As a result of the research, it was concluded that privacy is violated through social media posts, and the perception of privacy has changed depending on many factors related to social media. It was revealed that today's sharing culture negatively affects the perception of privacy. It is thought that the results of the research have important implications for researchers, teachers, parents and authorities. (shrink)

The philosophical debate on the freedom of movement focuses almost exclusively on long-term migration, what I call, migration as settlement. The normative justifications defending border controls assume that the movement of people across political borders, independent of its purpose and the length of stay, refers to migration as settlement. “Global mobility,” “international movement,” and “immigration” are oftenused interchangeably. However, global mobility also refers to the movements of people across international borders for a short length of time such as travel, short-term (...) and circular migration. While most scholarly attention has focused on long-term migration, the vast majority of cross-border movement of people (approximately 85% of all cross-border movements in 2019) is short-term. The existing literature offers normative arguments for border controls, which are grounded on states’ right to self-determination, the freedom of (dis)association, the welfare state, the duty to compatriots, and brain drain. In this paper, I argue that these arguments do not justify excluding travelers, short-term and circular migrants from the territory. (shrink)

Maxwell has shown in his field equations that electricity and magnetism, which are thought to be two separate phenomena, are in fact two distinct components of a single phenomenon. Maxwell not only developed these fundamental equations but used them to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves and to show that light is an electromagnetic wave. In this study, I researched on the emergence and effects of Maxwell's field equations using data from the history of physics. As a result of the (...) evaluation, I emphasized the revolutionary character of Maxwell's way of explaining the functioning of the universe and identified certain insufficient points. In conclusion, I tried to show that new explanations are inevitable in order to understand the universe and to show the role of mathematics in these explanations. (shrink)

Er zeichnet sich vor allem durch seine vielfaeltige Themenauswahl, unterschiedliche methodologische Herangehensweisen und inhaltlich-wissenschaftlichen Anknuepfungspunkte aus. Dazu gehoeren z.

This paper proposes a new normative framework to think about Big Tech reform. Focusing on the case of digital communication, I argue that rethinking the corporate purpose of social media companies is a distinctive entry point to the debate on how to render the powers of tech corporations democratically legitimate. I contend that we need to strive for a reform that redefines the corporate purpose of social media companies. In this view, their purpose should be to create and maintain a (...) free, egalitarian, and democratic public sphere rather than profit seeking. This political reform democratically contains corporate power in two ways: first, the legally enforceable fiduciary duties of corporate boards are reconceptualized in relation to democratic purposes rather than shareholder interests. Second, corporate governance structures should be redesigned to ensure that the abstract purpose is realized through representatives whose incentives align with the existence of a democratic public sphere. My argument complements radical proposals such as platform socialism by drawing a connection between democratizing social media governance and identifying the proper purpose of social media companies. (shrink)

Shirking, the act of avoiding the demands of one’s job, is generally seen as unethical. Drawing on empirical evidence from the sociology of work, I develop a normative conception of shirking as a form of worker resistance against illegitimate managerial power. In doing so, I present a new approach to the political theory of the firm, which is more adversarial and agent-centered than available alternatives. It is more adversarial as it recognizes the political value of counterproductive and disruptive behavior in (...) capitalist firms. It is more agent-centered because it theorizes the firm from the perspective of workers, asking what pro tanto reasons they have to shirk. I show that shirking under the structural domination of capitalism has diagnostic, agential, and epistemic values. The paper contributes to the wider methodological ambition to tailor political theorizing to the positionality of social actors by shifting attention from the institutional design of the firm to the methods of worker resistance. (shrink)

This study examines the multi-contextual dynamics of refugee entrepreneurship through the lens of embeddedness. It attempts to explain the interplay of inclusion and exclusion within a host society. For this purpose, the study qualitatively analyses the narratives of 39 Syrian refugee entrepreneurs and four critical informants in Türkiye. Our findings reveal a diverse set of refugee entrepreneurs, categorized into survival, ethnic-targeting, and integrating entrepreneurs, based on their motivations and level of embeddedness. Interestingly, as refugee entrepreneurs become more embedded in the (...) host country, they experience increased exclusion due to various societal factors. To navigate these challenges, entrepreneurs continually negotiate their societal position using innovative strategies to combat exclusion. Our study incorporates social, political, institutional, and spatial contexts across host, home, and third countries. Thus, it extends the embeddedness literature by highlighting refugee entrepreneurs' multi-layered and multi-locational embeddedness. Our findings also emphasise the significant role of political embeddedness, which Research often overlooks. Differentially excluding refugee entrepreneurs from society and their counter-strategies are closely tied to their limited political embeddedness. Finally, we discuss the ethical and policy implications of promoting the inclusion of refugee entrepreneurs and contributing to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. We argue that clear integration policies, removal of institutional barriers, and international cooperation are necessary. (shrink)

Upon abolition of the sultanate, proclamation of the Republic, and termination of the seemingly existing caliphate position, the 1921 Constitution was replaced with the 1924 Constitution, which would remain in full force until 1961. It is observed that as a result of all such consecutive developments, the no. 677 Law on Preclusion and Abolition of Lodges, Zawiyahs, Tomb Keepers and Some Titles, which had been presented to the assembly with a bill prepared by Refik Koraltan, a member of the parliament (...) from Konya province, along with his friends, accepted in November 30th, 1925 and published in the official gazette in December 13th, 1925, interrupted, in general, the religious Turkish music; and in particular, the music of Mevleviyeh and Bektashism cults -lodge/dervish music- during the production stages, which has been determined to be directly connected with the following problems to be dealt with, and which will constitute the focus of our study. Therefore, our "Music Policies in Turkish Single-party Era: Religious Music Example" titled study, as mentioned above, has been the subject of the research concentrated around especially the no. 677 Law came into force in December 13th, 1925, accepted with a bill, within the scope of transitions paving the way for the proclamation of the republic, and legitimacy of various revolutions implemented, and it is important that the effects of the political mobility experienced in our country between 1923 and 1950 during the single-party era on our society, and the extent of such effects on the music life, in particular Turkish religious music education, culture and art in our country can be observed and evaluated. (shrink)

The intra-school controversies in Hanafī school are remarkable. These controversies pose a risk for legal safety and stability and creates difficulties for muqallīd Hanafī judges and muftīs. In the historical process, different types of literature such as mukhtaṣar and fatwa (legal opinion) books, and applications such as aṣṣaḥ-ı aqvāl and maʻrūdhāt, emerged to solve this problem. One of the last example of these applications is the codification movement. The subject of this study is the relationship between the Majalla al-Aḥkām al-ʿAdliyyah, (...) which is the first product of codification based on fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and the intra-school preference. In order to describe this relationship, it is briefly emphasized that one of the aims of codification of Majalla is to satisfy the need for intra-school preference. The function and content of Majallaʼs necessary reasons, (asbāb al-mūjiba) was analyzed in terms of intra-school preference. The interventions on the preferences of the Majalla Commission are also emphasized. The Majalla is a text of the intra-school preference. The analysis of its content in relation to intra-school preference is very important. Therefore, in order to reveal what kind of method is used in intra-school preferences and to determine different aspects of intra-school preference in the Majalla, the chapter about ‘sale’ (Kitāb al-Buyūʿ) of the Majalla are examined.Summary: The intra-school controversies in Hanafī School, which is quite important in terms of freedom of ijtihād (independent legal judgment) and legal wealth, possible to threaten legal safety and stability. These controversies also make difficult for judges to reach a judgment or fatwa in controversial affairs. For this reason, determination of the rājiḥ (preferred opinion) in controversial issues in the school, is a need that must be eliminated.The intra-school preference can be described as "to determine the superior, preponderant of different opinion or narrations about a specific issue in the school". In the historical process different types of literature such as mukhtaṣar and fatwa books, and different applications such as asaḥḥ-ı aqvāl and maʻrūzāt, emerged to meet this need. One of the applications aimed to meet this need is the codifications in the last period of the Ottoman State.The relationship between the Majalla al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah, which is the first example of codification based on fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and the intra-school preference; and in this context, while preparing the Majalla how a method was followed in the intra-school preference; at what rate be obeyed the rājiḥ (preferred) opinion; articles contrary to the rājiḥ (preferred) opinion in Majalla and their reasons; whether legal arrangements have been made in all controversial issues; at what rate be met the need of determination of rājiḥ (preferred) opinion are the issues that need to be examined.One of the main reasons for the need for a law text such as Majalla al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah is the multitude of the intra-school controversies in Hanafī School. Therefore, the goal of Majalla is to prepare a code that contains rājiḥ opinion.When Majallaʼs necessary reasons, i.e. asbāb al-mūjiba, are examined in terms of the intra-school preference, it is seen that there are two basic functions of necessary reasons. The first of them is, emphasizing that the code is prepared substantially in accordance with the râjih opinion in the school. In fact, that this issue in the asbāb al-mūjiba of the first ten books of Majalla is expressly stated. The other function of the asbāb al-mūjiba is to justify that why rājiḥ opinion are not be confirmed in some article. In the necessary reasons it is stated that twelve articles are prepared in the direction of unrâcih (unpreferable) opinion. Considering that Majalla is formed of 1851 article, it will be better understood that how the rājiḥ opinions are effective in Majalla's content. Essentially, the conditions of the period also make it necessary. The preference of the non-preferred opinion of Züfer (d. 158/775) in 692nd article of Kitāb al-Ḥavala, caused the reaction of some circles mainly Şeyhülislam Hasan Fehmi Efendi (d.1298/1881) and for this reason Ahmet Cevdet Pasa (d.1895) was dismissed from the ministry of Divan al-Ahkâm al-Adliyyah and the chairman of the Majalla Commission.When the asbāb al-mūjibas of contrary articles to rājiḥ opinions are examined, it is seen that maṣlaḥa and customs are determinative in these preferences. It is also seen that the preferences of some jurists are also mentioned as a reason of preference. The most widespread preference’s reason in Hanafī sources is in congruity with the texts. On the contrary, it is noteworthy that, besides the interdiction of extravagant (safih), it is not operated as a preference’s reason in Majalla.Some preferences of the Majalla Commission were intervened by other institutions. The chapters prepared by the commission were examined both by Majlis-i Wukalā and Mashihat, and these chapters were subject to some revisions at this time. Here, two articles prepared on the basis of the non-preferred opinion were intervened by Majlis-i Wukalā. The first of these is 216th article that written in the direction of opinion of Mashāyikh Balkh, which argues that it is permissible to sell separately ḥaqq al-murūr (the right of passage) and ḥaqq al-shirb (water right), the second is the 611th article which regulates the liability to damage of ajīr al-mushtarak (joint salaried employee).When the content of Kitāb al-Buyū, the first and the most voluminous book of Majalla, is examined in terms of the intra-school preference, it is seen that the rājiḥ opinions in the school are generally taken as basis. It is stated that in the asbāb al-mūjiba of the Kitāb al-Buyūʿ the four issues are prepared basing on the non-preferred opinion and these preferences are justified with custom and maṣlaḥa. However, the contrary articles to the rājiḥ opinion in the Kitāb al-Buyūʿ are not limited to these. According to our research, in addition to these, three articles were prepared with the preference of non-preferred opinion. These are the 118th article regarding that the bayʻ bi-l-wafā is permissible in chattels, 165th article on the definition of al-ghabn al-faḥiş (lesion), and the 309th article concerning the provision of the khiyār al-sharṭ (right of cancellation). These three articles show that the regulations contrary to the rājiḥ opinion in Majalla are not just those explained in the asbāb al-mūjiba and this situation is contrary to the method that is followed when preparing the Majalla.In some controversial issues in the Hanafi School, authorized jurists to preference (asḥāb al-tarjīh) disagreed over which opinion is rājiḥ. It wasn’t explained that how a method would be followed in Majalla when the legal arrangements were made in these matters. When these issues are examined, it can be said that the preferences of the majority, the providing of convenience and the preference by some jurists are effective.Preferences in Majalla have not been occurred only among the sharʻī (related to Islamic Law) provisions. In addition, the definitions and the inscription in the definitions are also the subject of preference. In this context, the preferences related to the definition of the sales contract, the suspended contract (al-ʻaqd al-maqqūf) and the al-ghabn al-faḥiş in Kitāb al-Buyūʿ can be mentioned as an example.Some controversial issues in the Hanafi School are not regulated in Majalla. When considering the multiplicity of controversial issues and therefore the difficulty of making legal arrangements to cover all of them, this situation is natural. Moreover, some of these issues may not have been regulated in Majalla because they are not frequent and necessary. However, it is not possible to explain all the controversial issues that have not been regulated for these reasons. Because some of the controversial issues that have not been legislated are basic, relatively important issues and they are included in the mukhtaṣars. This indicates that when preparing the Majalla, instead of making preference on some controversial issues, the method of non-regulation of these matters is adopted. It can be said that this method is applied as a way of creating law text which is clear of controversy. Thus, the determining of the rājiḥ opinion in these matters has been left to the judges. This situation is not suitable to meet the need of determining the rājiḥ opinion, which is the goal of Majalla. But it is the result of the difficulty of making a law that encompasses all legal issues. (shrink)

Fabian Wendt argues that political realism is not capable of explaining how the state’s moral right to rule over its subjects is generated. I believe that Wendt’s criticism is not sound because his position relies on the false implicit assumption that realism and moralism ask the same philosophical questions on state authority. I contend that it is fallacious to evaluate the realist account of legitimacy by the standards of moralism, and vice versa, as these two accounts arrive at different conceptions (...) of legitimacy by raising different sets of philosophical questions. The two sets of philosophical questions are not reducible to each other. The realist account of legitimacy does not aim to explain what the moralist account of legitimacy aims to explain. (shrink)

Representations of women, or more exactly of gender, and the presence and works of women filmmakers constitute an important area of analysis for gender studies and feminist film theories. In Turkey the presence and the participation of women in the public sphere have been one of the important objectives of the Kemalist modernization project since the founding of the modern nation-state in 1923. However, despite the modernizing efforts to empower women in different spheres of life there was no woman director (...) in Turkish commercial feature cinema until the beginning of the 1950s. Since the beginning of the 2000s the number of women directors has increased significantly, reaching a number well above that of the entire period before. This article investigates the reasons behind this increase based on quantitative data gathered from secondary sources and in-depth interviews with women producers and directors. It also questions whether and to what extent the increase in the number of women film directors contributed to the production of ‘women’s films’, based on a qualitative analysis of films produced by women directors between the years 2004 and 2013. The results show that in addition to technological and aesthetic changes in the industry, the increase in the availability of international and national public funding for low-budget independent film productions and the enlargement of the women’s movement allowed more women directors to enter the film industry. While half of the films made by women directors in the 2000s could be qualified as ‘women films’, the other half remained, largely due to market forces, within the conventions of popular or art house cinema. (shrink)

Sunnah is an issue that Muslims pay special attention to it, since it is the second source of the religion of Islam. After the Prophet’s passing away, both the companions (al-saḥāba) and the successors (tābiʻūn) and tabaʻu al-tābiʻūn made extraordinary efforts to understand and interpret the Sunnah correctly. In fact, since the science of hadith is the common denominator in all fields of basic Islamic sciences, all scholars have tried to explain the transmission of hadith, the way it was narrated, (...) whether the narrators were competent to narrate, the explanation of unknown words in the hadith, etc. Although it is possible to find this activity during the Prophet’s time, it continued in a semi-systematic manner over time, especially after the third century. After the fourth century of hijri, the hadith commentary (sharḥ) process took on a completely systematic character and the science of hadith commentary became a sub-discipline of the hadith department. The process of writing commentaries, which started in the Islamic world and became a tradition over time, concentrated on the books that established the dominance on Muslim society. In this framework, serious contributions were made to the commentary literature in the following periods of time and an enormous commentary literature was formed. However, in the formation of the hadith commentary literature, the sectarian affiliation of the commentator was one of the most influential factors in determining the content of the commentary. In this context, Imām Mālik’s study named al-Muwaṭṭaʼ and al-Kutub al-Sitta took the lead in the development of the hadith commentary literature. In particular, al-Imām Mālik’s al-Muwaṭṭaʼ attracted the attention of the scholars of Andalusia who were interested in the science of hadith, and scholarly trips were made to Medina, one of the eastern Islamic countries, for the education and training of hadith, and as a result of these trips, the people of Andalusia adopted the Mālikī sect. Therefore Imām Mālik’s study named al-Muwaṭṭaʼ became one of the most important books. In Andalusia, serious commentaries were written on the aforementioned study in almost every century starting from the third century of hijri. One of these commentaries is Abū al-Muṭarrif al-Qanāziʻī’s study named Tafsīr al-Muwaṭṭaʼ, which is the subject of our research paper. There is no detached study on this study. For this reason, this study is important in terms of obtaining information about Andalusian hadith commentary. Likewise, it is expected that this study will also be a source of literature for comprehensive studies such as Maliki hadith commentarism and hadith methodology. (shrink)

The subject of this study is to examine the master's and doctoral theses in the field of Sociology of Religion, between 2005 and 2015 in Turkey and published in National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education, according to their subject, the main concept they deal with, their type, their advisor title, the year they were prepared and the university. This research can be described as a product of the search for a solution to the problem of looking at (...) the field holistically and quick and easy access to theses in the field of Sociology of Religion. Thanks to this research, the current status of the subject to be investigated in the field of Sociology of Religion will be seen more clearly; New and original works that are free from repetition will be enabled. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. According to the results of this research, the majority of the studies conducted in the field of Sociology of Religion in Türkiye consist of master's theses. In the theses between 2005 and 2015, the concept of "religious life" (n=32) was mostly discussed. Later, research was conducted on the concepts of "woman" (n=23), "religious leaders" (n=21), "piety" (n=13) and "Alevism" (n=12).When the theoretical/empirical categorical distribution of theses is examined, 114 of the scientific studies at the master's level are theoretical sociology of religion research and 134 of them are empirical studies, whereas it was observed that there are more empirical studies in doctoral theses. When the distribution of theses was examined according to general subjects of Sociology of Religion, it was seen that more studies were conducted on "Social Structure and Institutions". (shrink)

This article assesses the prospects of social democracy in Turkey in light of two prominent debates regarding social democracy: the challenge of populism and the proper balance between a politics of redistribution and a politics of recognition. By focusing on the Republican People’s Party (CHP), it shows that the main problem the party faces is to find ways of addressing the issues of recognition and redistribution. Success in addressing these issues would provide an effective alternative to the populist agenda of (...) the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and build channels for participatory democracy and institutions of accountability. We argue that social democracy, with its legacy of democratic rule and institutions, can serve as a significant anchoring point in such an effort. We point out, however, why current social, institutional, political, and cultural factors make the CHP’s task of pursuing a social democratic agenda in Turkey particularly difficult. (shrink)